Epitalon

Epitalon (AEDG) is derived from epithalamin, a pineal-gland extract whose principal endogenous output is melatonin. Khavinson et al. (Neuro Endocrinology Letters 2001) reported that epitalon stimulated evening melatonin synthesis in senescent rhesus monkeys and normalised cortisol circadian rhythm (animal model). Korkushko et al. (Bull Exp Biol Med 2004; Adv Gerontol 2007) reported that epithalamin/epitalon increased nocturnal plasma melatonin in elderly humans with depressed pineal output, while leaving subjects with normal output largely unchanged. Anisimov et al. (Vopr Onkol 2005) tested epitalon and melatonin separately in senescence-accelerated mice and reported survival gains for each, though no statistically meaningful difference in tumour incidence. The two share the same neuroendocrine axis but have not been formally co-administered in a clinical trial.

Epitalon is reported preclinically as an antioxidant in its own right and as a stimulator of endogenous antioxidant enzymes. Khavinson and Myl'nikov (Bull Exp Biol Med 2000) reported that the pineal tetrapeptide enhanced catalase activity and lowered hydroperoxide levels in Drosophila melanogaster. Yue et al. (Aging 2022) reported that 0.1 mM epitalon reduced intracellular reactive oxygen species, increased mitochondrial membrane potential, and increased mitochondrial DNA copy number in post-ovulatory mouse oocytes, slowing in vitro oocyte ageing. Anisimov et al. (Biogerontology 2003) attributed the leukaemia-suppressive effect of epitalon in SHR mice to inhibition of free-radical processes in brain. The pattern across these studies is that epitalon engages, rather than depends on, endogenous antioxidant machinery; a meaningful exogenous-cofactor partner has not been identified in PubMed-indexed work.